Research papers that support the present guideline recommendations:
Babikian, T., McArthur, D., & Asarnow, R. F. (2013). Predictors of 1-month and 1-year neurocognitive functioning from the UCLA longitudinal mild, uncomplicated, pediatric traumatic brain injury study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561771200104X
Bellerose, J., Bernier, A., Beaudoin, C., Gravel, J., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2017). Long-term brain-injury-specific effects following preschool mild TBI: A study of theory of mind. Neuropsychology, 31(3), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000341
Bernard, C. O., Ponsford, J. A., McKinlay, A., McKenzie, D., & Krieser, D. (2016). Predictors of post-concussive symptoms in young children: Injury versus non-injury related factors. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 22(8), 793–803. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617716000709
Biederman, J., Feinberg, L., Chan, J., Adeyemo, B. O., Woodworth, K. Y., Panis, W., … Faraone, S. V. (2015). Mild traumatic brain injury and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in young student athletes. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(11), 813–819. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000375
Bonfield, C. M., Lam, S., Lin, Y., & Greene, S. (2013). The impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on recovery from mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 12(2), 97–102. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.5.PEDS12424
Brooks, B. L., Plourde, V., Beauchamp, M. H., Tang, K., Yeates, K. O., Keightley, M., … Zemek, R. (2019). Predicting Psychological Distress after Pediatric Concussion. Journal of Neurotrauma, 36(5), 679–685. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2018.5792
Chasle, V., Riffaud, L., Longuet, R., Martineau-Curt, M., Collet, Y., Le Fournier, L., & Pladys, P. (2016). Mild head injury and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Child’s Nervous System, 32(12), 2357–2361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3230-z
Chrisman, S. P. D., & Richardson, L. P. (2014). Prevalence of diagnosed depression in adolescents with history of concussion. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(5), 582–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.006
Connolly, E. J., & McCormick, B. F. (2019). Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychopathology in Adolescence: Evidence From the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.12.023
Cook, N. E., Kelshaw, P. M., Caswell, S. V., & Iverson, G. L. (2019). Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Perform Differently on Pediatric Concussion Assessment. Journal of Pediatrics, 214, 168-174.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.07.048
Corwin, D. J., Zonfrillo, M. R., Master, C. L., Arbogast, K. B., Grady, M. F., Robinson, R. L., … Wiebe, D. J. (2014). Characteristics of Prolonged Concussion Recovery in a Pediatric Subspecialty Referral Population. The Journal of Pediatrics, 165(6), 1207–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.08.034
Donders, J., & DeWit, C. (2017). Parental ratings of daily behavior and child cognitive test performance after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Child Neuropsychology, 23(5), 554–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2016.1161015
Eisenberg, M. A., Meehan, W. P., & Mannix, R. (2014). Duration and Course of Post-Concussive Symptoms. Pediatrics, 133(6), 999–1006. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0158
Elbin, R. J., Kontos, A. P., Kegel, N., Johnson, E., Burkhart, S., & Schatz, P. (2013). Individual and combined effects of LD and ADHD on computerized neurocognitive concussion test performance: Evidence for separate norms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(5), 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/act024
Ellis, M. J., Ritchie, L. J., Koltek, M., Hosain, S., Cordingley, D., Chu, S., … Russell, K. (2015). Psychiatric outcomes after pediatric sports-related concussion. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 16(6), 709–718. https://doi.org/10.3171/2015.5.PEDS15220
Gardner, R. M., Yengo-Kahn, A., Bonfield, C. M., & Solomon, G. S. (2017). Comparison of baseline and post-concussion ImPACT test scores in young athletes with stimulant-treated and untreated ADHD. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 45(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2017.1248221
Gornall, A., Takagi, M., Clarke, C., Babl, F. E., Davis, G. A., Dunne, K., … Anderson, V. (2019). Behavioral and Emotional Difficulties after Pediatric Concussion. Journal of Neurotrauma, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2018.6235
Guerriero, R. M., Kuemmerle, K., Pepin, M. J., Taylor, A. M., Wolff, R., & Meehan, W. P. (2018). The Association Between Premorbid Conditions in School-Aged Children With Prolonged Concussion Recovery. Journal of Child Neurology, 33(2), 168–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073817749655
Guo, X., Edmed, S. L., & Anderson, V. (2017). Neurocognitive predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in children 6 months after traumatic brain injury: A prospective study. Neuropsychology, 31(1), 84–92. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000305
Hunt, A. W., Paniccia, M., Reed, N., & Keightley, M. (2016). Concussion-Like Symptoms in Child and Youth Athletes at Baseline: What Is “Typical”? Journal of Athletic Training, 51(10), 749–757. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.11.12
Jimenez, N., Quistberg, A., Vavilala, M. S., Jaffe, K. M., & Rivara, F. P. (2017). Utilization of Mental Health Services After Mild Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. Pediatrics, 139(3), e20162462. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2462
Jones, K. M., Prah, P., Starkey, N., Theadom, A., Barker-Collo, S., Ameratunga, S., … Brown, P. (2019). Longitudinal patterns of behavior, cognition, and quality of life after mild traumatic brain injury in children: BIONIC study findings. Brain Injury, 33(7), 884–893. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2019.1606445
Kaldoja, M.-L., & Kolk, A. (2015). Does Gender Matter? Differences in Social-Emotional Behavior Among Infants and Toddlers Before and After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Child Neurology, 30(7), 860–867. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073814544705
Kirkwood, M. W., Peterson, R. L., Connery, A. K., Baker, D. A., & Forster, J. (2016). A Pilot Study Investigating Neuropsychological Consultation as an Intervention for Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms in a Pediatric Sample. Journal of Pediatrics, 169, 244–249e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.014
Liou, Y. J., Wei, H. T., Chen, M. H., Hsu, J. W., Huang, K. L., Bai, Y. M., … Chen, T. J. (2018). Risk of Traumatic Brain Injury Among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Taiwan. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(2), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.02.012
Mac Donald, C. L., Barber, J., Wright, J., Coppel, D., De Lacy, N., Ottinger, S., … Temkin, N. (2019). Longitudinal Clinical and Neuroimaging Evaluation of Symptomatic Concussion in 10-to 14-year-old Youth Athletes. Journal of Neurotrauma, 36(2), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2018.5629
Max, J. E., Friedman, K., Wilde, E. A., Bigler, E. D., Hanten, G., Schachar, R. J., … Levin, H. S. (2015). Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents 24 months after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 27(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13080190
Max, J. E., Pardo, D., Hanten, G., Schachar, R. J., Saunders, A. E., Ewing-Cobbs, L., … Levin, H. S. (2013). Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents six-to-twelve months after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 25(4), 272–282. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12040078
McNally, K. A., Patrick, K. E., LaFleur, J. E., Dykstra, J. B., Monahan, K., & Hoskinson, K. R. (2018). Brief cognitive behavioral intervention for children and adolescents with persistent post-concussive symptoms: A pilot study. Child Neuropsychology, 24(3), 396–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2017.1280143
Morgan, C. D., Zuckerman, S. L., Lee, Y. M., King, L., Beaird, S., Sills, A. K., & Solomon, G. S. (2015). Predictors of postconcussion syndrome after sports-related concussion in young athletes: a matched case-control study. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 15(June), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.10.PEDS14356
Mrazik, M., Brooks, B. L., Jubinville, A., Meeuwisse, W. H., & Emery, C. A. (2016). Psychosocial outcomes of sport concussions in youth hockey players. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(4), 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw013
Nikles, C. J., McKinlay, L., Mitchell, G. K., Carmont, S. A. S., Senior, H. E., Waugh, M. C. A., … Lloyd, O. T. (2014). Aggregated n-of-1 trials of central nervous system stimulants versus placebo for paediatric traumatic brain injury – a pilot study. Trials, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-15-54
Peterson, R. L., Connery, A. K., Baker, D. A., & Kirkwood, M. W. (2015). Preinjury Emotional-Behavioral Functioning of Children With Lingering Problems After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 27(4), 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14120373
Plourde, V., Daya, H., Low, T. A., Barlow, K. M., & Brooks, B. L. (2019). Evaluating anxiety and depression symptoms in children and adolescents with prior mild traumatic brain injury: Agreement between methods and respondents. Child Neuropsychology, 25(1), 44–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2018.1432585
Plourde, V., Yeates, K. O., & Brooks, B. L. (2018). Predictors of long-term psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with prior concussions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(6), 540–548. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617718000061
Poysophon, P., & Rao, A. L. (2018). Neurocognitive Deficits Associated With ADHD in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sports Health, 10(4), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738117751387
Reddy, C. C., Collins, M., Lovell, M., & Kontos, A. P. (2013). Efficacy of amantadine treatment on symptoms and neurocognitive performance among adolescents following sports-related concussion. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 28(4), 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0b013e318257fbc6
Rieger, B. P., Lewandowski, L. J., Callahan, J. M., Spenceley, L., Truckenmiller, A., Gathje, R., & Miller, L. A. (2013). A prospective study of symptoms and neurocognitive outcomes in youth with concussion vs orthopaedic injuries. Brain Injury, 27(2), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2012.729290
Root, J. M., Zuckerbraun, N. S., Wang, L., Winger, D. G., Brent, D., Kontos, A., & Hickey, R. W. (2016). History of Somatization Is Associated with Prolonged Recovery from Concussion. Journal of Pediatrics, 174, 39–44.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.03.020
Ryan, N. P., van Bijnen, L., Catroppa, C., Beauchamp, M. H., Crossley, L., Hearps, S., & Anderson, V. (2016). Longitudinal outcome and recovery of social problems after pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI): Contribution of brain insult and family environment. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 49, 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.12.004
Salinas, C. M., Dean, P., LoGalbo, A., Dougherty, M., Field, M., & Webbe, F. M. (2016). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Status and Baseline Neurocognitive Performance in High School Athletes. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 5(4), 264–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2015.1052814
Segev, S., Shorer, M., Rassovsky, Y., Peleg, T. P., Apter, A., & Fennig, S. (2016). The contribution of posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury to persistent post concussive symptoms following motor vehicle accidents. Neuropsychology, 30(7), 800–810. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000299
Stazyk, K., DeMatteo, C., Moll, S., & Missiuna, C. (2017). Depression in youth recovering from concussion: Correlates and predictors. Brain Injury, 31(5), 631–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1283533
Stein, E., Howard, W., Rowhani-Rahbar, A., Rivara, F. P., Zatzick, D., & McCarty, C. A. (2017). Longitudinal trajectories of post-concussive and depressive symptoms in adolescents with prolonged recovery from concussion. Brain Injury, 31(13–14), 1736–1744. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1380843
Truss, K., Godfrey, C., Takagi, M., Babl, F. E., Bressan, S., Hearps, S., … Anderson, V. (2017). Trajectories and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms following Pediatric Concussion. Journal of Neurotrauma, 34(14), 2272–2279. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2016.4842
Yang, M. N., Clements-Nolle, K., Parrish, B., & Yang, W. (2019). Adolescent concussion and mental health outcomes: A population-based study. American Journal of Health Behavior, 43(2), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.43.2.3
Yengo-Kahn, A. M., & Solomon, G. (2015). Are psychotropic medications associated with differences in baseline neurocognitive assessment scores for young athletes? A pilot study. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 43(3), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2015.1071638
Last update: November 16, 2019