Research papers that support the present guideline recommendations:
Babcock, L., Byczkowski, T., Wade, S. L., Ho, M., Mookerjee, S., & Bazarian, J. J. (2013). Predicting postconcussion syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents who present to the emergency department. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(2), 156–161. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.434
Bock, S., Grim, R., Barron, T. F., Wagenheim, A., Hu, Y. E., Hendell, M., … Deibert, E. (2015). Factors associated with delayed recovery in athletes with concussion treated at a pediatric neurology concussion clinic. Child’s Nervous System, 31(11), 2111–2116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-015-2846-8
Bramley, H., Heverley, S., Lewis, M. M., Kong, L., Rivera, R., & Silvis, M. (2015). Demographics and Treatment of Adolescent Posttraumatic Headache in a Regional Concussion Clinic. Pediatric Neurology, 52(5), 493–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.01.008
Bresee, N., Aglipay, M., Dubrovsky, A. S., Ledoux, A. A., Momoli, F., Gravel, J., … Zemek, R. (2018). No association between metoclopramide treatment in ED and reduced risk of post-concussion headache. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 36(12), 2225–2231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2018.04.007
Chan, S., Kurowski, B., Byczkowski, T., & Timm, N. (2015). Intravenous migraine therapy in children with posttraumatic headache in the ED. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 33(5), 635–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.01.053
Dubrovsky, A. S., Friedman, D., & Kocilowicz, H. (2014). Pediatric post-traumatic headaches and peripheral nerve blocks of the scalp: A case series and patient satisfaction survey. Headache, 54(5), 878–887. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12334
Eckner, J. T., Seifert, T., Pescovitz, A., Zeiger, M., & Kutcher, J. S. (2017). Is migraine headache associated with concussion in athletes? A case-control study. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 27(3), 266–270. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000346
Eisenberg, M. A., Meehan, W. P., & Mannix, R. (2014). Duration and Course of Post-Concussive Symptoms. Pediatrics, 133(6), 999–1006. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0158
Ellis, M. J., Cordingley, D., Girardin, R., Ritchie, L., & Johnston, J. (2017). Migraine with aura or sports-related concussion: Case report, pathophysiology, and multidisciplinary approach to management. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 16(1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000323
Ellis, M.J., Leddy, J., Willer, B. (2016) Multi-disciplinary management of athletes with post-concussion syndrome: An evolving pathophysiological approach. Frontiers in Neurology. 7(AUG),136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00136
Grool, A. M., Aglipay, M., Momoli, F., Meehan, W. P., Freedman, S. B., Yeates, K. O., … Zemek, R. (2016). Association Between Early Participation in Physical Activity Following Acute Concussion and Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents. Jama, 316(23), 2504. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17396
Heyer, G. L., & Idris, S. A. (2014). Does analgesic overuse contribute to chronic post-traumatic headaches in adolescent concussion patients? Pediatric Neurology, 50(5), 464–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.01.040
Heyer, G. L., Young, J. A., Rose, S. C., McNally, K. A., & Fischer, A. N. (2015). Post-traumatic headaches correlate with migraine symptoms in youth with concussion. Cephalalgia, 36(4), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102415590240
Kacperski, J., Kabbouche, M.A., O’brien, H.L., Weberding, J.L. (2016). The optimal management of headaches in children and adolescents. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 9(1),53-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285615616586
Kontos, A. P., Elbin, R. J., Lau, B., Simensky, S., Freund, B., French, J., & Collins, M. W. (2013). Posttraumatic migraine as a predictor of recovery and cognitive impairment after sport-related concussion. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(7), 1497–1504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513488751
Kuczynski, A., Crawford, S., Bodell, L., Dewey, D., & Barlow, K. M. (2013). Characteristics of post-traumatic headaches in children following mild traumatic brain injury and their response to treatment: A prospective cohort. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 55(7), 636–641. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12152
Linden, M. (2015). The Effects of QEEG-Guided Neurofeedback on Postconcussion Syndrome. Biofeedback, 43(1), 42–44. https://doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-43.1.08
Lumba-Brown, A., Harley, J., Lucio, S., Vaida, F., & Hilfiker, M. (2014). Hypertonic Saline as a Therapy for Pediatric Concussive Pain. Pediatric Emergency Care, 30(3), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000000084
McConnell, B., Duffield, T., Hall, T., Piantino, J., Seitz, D., Soden, D., & Williams, C. (2019). Post-traumatic Headache After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Association With Neurocognitive Outcomes. Journal of Child Neurology, 35(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073819876473
McEvoy, H., Borsook, D., & Holmes, S. A. (2019). Clinical features and sex differences in pediatric post-traumatic headache: A retrospective chart review at a Boston area concussion clinic. Cephalalgia, 0(0), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419896754
Mihalik, J. P., Register-Mihalik, J., Kerr, Z. Y., Marshall, S. W., McCrea, M. C., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2013). Recovery of posttraumatic migraine characteristics in patients after mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(7), 1490–1496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513487982
Morgan, C. D., Zuckerman, S. L., Lee, Y. M., King, L., Beaird, S., Sills, A. K., & Solomon, G. S. (2015). Predictors of postconcussion syndrome after sports-related concussion in young athletes: a matched case-control study. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 15(June), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.10.PEDS14356.
Page, P. (2011). Cervicogenic headaches: an evidence-led approach to clinical management. International journal of sports physical therapy. 6(3),254-266. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034615%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3201065
Pasek, T. A., Locasto, L. W., Reichard, J., Fazio Sumrok, V. C., Johnson, E. W., & Kontos, A. P. (2015). The headache electronic diary for children with concussion. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 29(2), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0000000000000108
Pearson, R., Levyim, D., Choe, M., Taraman, S., & Langdon, R. (2019). Survey of Child Neurologists on Management of Pediatric Post-traumatic Headache. Journal of Child Neurology, 34(12), 739–747. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073819856837
Schneider, K. J., Meeuwisse, W. H., Nettel-Aguirre, A., Barlow, K., Boyd, L., Kang, J., & Emery, C. A. (2014). Cervicovestibular rehabilitation in sport-related concussion: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(17), 1294–1298. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093267
Seeger, T. A., Orr, S., Bodell, L., Lockyer, L., Rajapakse, T., & Barlow, K. M. (2015). Occipital nerve blocks for pediatric posttraumatic headache: A case series. Journal of Child Neurology, 30(9), 1142–1146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073814553973
Seifert, T.D. (2013) Sports concussion and associated post-traumatic headache. Headache. 53(5),726-736. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12087
Shaw, L., Morozova, M., & Abu-Arafeh, I. (2018). Chronic post-traumatic headache in children and adolescents: systematic review of prevalence and headache features. Pain Management, 8(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2017-0019
Starling, A.J., Vargas, B.B. (2015). A Narrative Review of Evidence-Based Preventive Options for Chronic Migraine. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 19(10),49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-015-0521-0
Sufrinko, A., McAllister-Deitrick, J., Elbin, R., Collins, M. W., & Kontos, A. P. (2018). Family History of Migraine Associated with Posttraumatic Migraine Symptoms Following Sport-Related Concussion. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000315
Sussman, W. I., Mautner, K., Mason, R. A., Bonecutter, K., & Shealy, A. K. (2017). Sphenopalatine ganglion block for management of refractory chronic posttraumatic headaches after a sport-related concussion. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 27(2), e6–e8. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000325
The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). (2013) Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache. 33(9),629-808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102413485658
Zaremski, J. L., Herman, D. C., Clugston, J. R., Hurley, R. W., & Ahn, A. H. (2015). Occipital neuralgia as a sequela of sports concussion: A case series and review of the literature. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 14(1), 16–19. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000121
Research papers not associated with a current recommendation
Mannix, R., Zemek, R., Yeates, K. O., Arbogast, K., Atabaki, S., Badawy, M., … Wisniewski, S. (2019). Practice patterns in pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies for children with mild traumatic brain injury: A survey of 15 canadian and United States centers. Journal of Neurotrauma, 36(20), 2886–2894. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2018.6290
Papers being considered (January 2021 update):
Cushman DM, Borowski L, Hansen C, et al. Gabapentin and Tricyclics in the Treatment of Post-Concussive Headache, a Retrospective Cohort Study. Headache [Internet]. 2019 Mar 1;59(3):371–82. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/head.13451
Kwan V, Plourde V, Yeates KO, et al. Headache long after pediatric concussion: presence, intensity, interference, and association with cognition. Brain Inj [Internet]. 2020 Mar 20;34(4):575–82. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02699052.2020.1725842
McEvoy H, Borsook D, Holmes SA. Clinical features and sex differences in pediatric post-traumatic headache: A retrospective chart review at a Boston area concussion clinic. Cephalalgia [Internet]. 2020 Jun 22;40(7):701–11. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0333102419896754
Terry DP, Reddi PJ, Cook NE, et al. Acute Effects of Concussion in Youth With Pre-existing Migraines. Clin J Sport Med [Internet]. 2019 Nov 26;Publish Ah. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000791