Research papers that support the present guideline recommendations:
Araujo, G. C., Antonini, T. N., Monahan, K., Gelfius, C., Klamar, K., Potts, M., … Bodin, D. (2014). The relationship between suboptimal effort and post-concussion symptoms in children and adolescents with mild traumatic brain injury. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(5), 786–801. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2014.896415
Babcock, L., Kurowski, B. G., Zhang, N., Dexheimer, J. W., Dyas, J., & Wade, S. L. (2017). Adolescents with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Get SMART: An Analysis of a Novel Web-Based Intervention. Telemedicine and E-Health, 23(7), 600–607. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2016.0215
Babikian, T., McArthur, D., & Asarnow, R. F. (2013). Predictors of 1-month and 1-year neurocognitive functioning from the UCLA longitudinal mild, uncomplicated, pediatric traumatic brain injury study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561771200104X
Bonfield, C. M., Lam, S., Lin, Y., & Greene, S. (2013). The impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on recovery from mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 12(2), 97–102. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.5.PEDS12424
Brooks, B. L., Mannix, R., Maxwell, B., Zafonte, R., Berkner, P. D., & Iverson, G. L. (2016). Multiple Past Concussions in High School Football Players. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(12), 3243–3251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516655095
Brooks, B. L., McKay, C. D., Mrazik, M., Barlow, K. M., Meeuwisse, W. H., & Emery, C. A. (2013). Subjective, but not Objective, Lingering Effects of Multiple Past Concussions in Adolescents. Journal of Neurotrauma, 30(17), 1469–1475. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2012.2720
Brooks, T. M., Smith, M. M., Silvis, R. M., Lerer, T., Mulvey, C. H., Maitland, R., … Smith, S. R. (2017). Symptom-Guided Emergency Department Discharge Instructions for Children with Concussion. Pediatric Emergency Care, 33(8), 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000000797
Collings, L. J., Cook, N. E., Porter, S., Kusch, C., Sun, J., Virji-Babul, N., … Panenka, W. J. (2017). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with baseline child sport concussion assessment tool third edition scores in child hockey players. Brain Injury, 31(11), 1479–1485. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1377351
Cook, N. E., Huang, D. S., Silverberg, N. D., Brooks, B. L., Maxwell, B., Zafonte, R., … Iverson, G. L. (2017). Baseline cognitive test performance and concussion-like symptoms among adolescent athletes with ADHD: examining differences based on medication use. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(8), 1341–1352. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1317031
Cordingley, D., Girardin, R., Reimer, K., Ritchie, L., Leiter, J., Russell, K., & Ellis, M. J. (2016). Graded aerobic treadmill testing in pediatric sports-related concussion: safety, clinical use, and patient outcomes. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 18(6), 693–702. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.5.PEDS16139
DeMatteo, C. A., Randall, S., Lin, C. Y. A., & Claridge, E. A. (2019). What comes first: Return to school or return to activity for youth after concussion? Maybe we don’t have to choose. Frontiers in Neurology, 10(JUL), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00792
Donders, J., & DeWit, C. (2017). Parental ratings of daily behavior and child cognitive test performance after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Child Neuropsychology, 23(5), 554–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2016.1161015
Elbin, R. J., Kontos, A. P., Kegel, N., Johnson, E., Burkhart, S., & Schatz, P. (2013). Individual and combined effects of LD and ADHD on computerized neurocognitive concussion test performance: Evidence for separate norms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(5), 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/act024
Gardner, R. M., Yengo-Kahn, A., Bonfield, C. M., & Solomon, G. S. (2017). Comparison of baseline and post-concussion ImPACT test scores in young athletes with stimulant-treated and untreated ADHD. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 45(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2017.1248221
Haarbauer-Krupa, J. K., Comstock, R. D., Lionbarger, M., Hirsch, S., Kavee, A., & Lowe, B. (2018). Healthcare professional involvement and RTP compliance in high school athletes with concussion. Brain Injury, 32(11), 1337–1344. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1482426
Haider, M. N., Leddy, J. J., Pavlesen, S., Kluczynski, M., Baker, J. G., Miecznikowski, J. C., & Willer, B. S. (2018). A systematic review of criteria used to define recovery from sport-related concussion in youth athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(18), 1179–1190. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096551
Iverson, G. L., Atkins, J. E., Zafonte, R., & Berkner, P. D. (2016). Concussion History in Adolescent Athletes with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Neurotrauma, 33(23), 2077–2080. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3424
MacDonald, J., Patel, N., Young, J., & Stuart, E. (2018). Returning Adolescents to Driving after Sports-Related Concussions: What Influences Physician Decision-Making. Journal of Pediatrics, 194, 177–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.10.032
Mannix, R., Iverson, G. L., Maxwell, B., Atkins, J. E., Zafonte, R., & Berkner, P. D. (2014). Multiple prior concussions are associated with symptoms in high school athletes. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 1(6), 433–438. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.70
Marshall CM, Chan N, Tran P, et al. The use of an intensive physical exertion test as a final return to play measure in concussed athletes: a prospective cohort. Phys Sportsmed [Internet]. 2019 Apr 3;47(2):158–66. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00913847.2018.1542258
McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Dvořák, J., Aubry, M., Bailes, J., … Vos, P.E. (2017) Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 51(11),838-847. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699
McKay, C. D., Schneider, K. J., Brooks, B. L., Mrazik, M., & Emery, C. A. (2014). Baseline Evaluation in Youth Ice Hockey Players: Comparing Methods for Documenting Prior Concussions and Attention or Learning Disorders. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 44(5), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2014.5053
Nowacki, R., van Eldik, N., Eikens, M., Roijen, R., Haga, N., Schott, D., … Wennekes, M. (2017). Evaluation of a follow-up program for mild traumatic brain injury in schoolchildren. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 21(2), 382–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.10.009
Reed, N., Taha, T., Monette, G., & Keightley, M. (2016). A Preliminary Exploration of Concussion and Strength Performance in Youth Ice Hockey Players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(9), 708–713. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-104199
Root, J. M., Zuckerbraun, N. S., Wang, L., Winger, D. G., Brent, D., Kontos, A., & Hickey, R. W. (2016). History of Somatization Is Associated with Prolonged Recovery from Concussion. Journal of Pediatrics, 174, 39–44.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.03.020
Sady, M. D., Vaughan, C. G., & Gioia, G. A. (2014). Psychometric characteristics of the postconcussion symptom inventory in children and adolescents. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29(4), 348–363. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acu014
Salinas, C. M., Dean, P., LoGalbo, A., Dougherty, M., Field, M., & Webbe, F. M. (2016). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Status and Baseline Neurocognitive Performance in High School Athletes. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 5(4), 264–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2015.1052814
Tamura K, Furutani T, Oshiro R, et al. Concussion recovery timeline of high school athletes using a stepwise return-to-play protocol: Age and sex effects. J Athl Train [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1;55(1):6–10. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/jat/article/55/1/6/433840/Concussion-Recovery-Timeline-of-High-School
Date Updated: January 4, 2021