Research papers that support the present guideline recommendations:
Aggarwal SS, Ott SD, Padhye NS, et al. Sex, race, ADHD, and prior concussions as predictors of concussion recovery in adolescents. Brain Inj. 2020 May 11;34(6):809–17.
Aggarwal, S. S., Ott, S. D., Padhye, N. S., Meininger, J. C., & Armstrong, T. S. (2019). Clinical and demographic predictors of concussion resolution in adolescents: A retrospective study. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 8(1), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2017.1381099
Anderson V, Davis GA, Takagi M, et al. Trajectories and Predictors of Clinician-Determined Recovery after Child Concussion. J Neurotrauma. 2020 Jun 15;37(12):1392–400.
Argyropoulou MI, Alexiou GA, Xydis VG, et al. Pediatric minor head injury imaging practices: results from an ESPR survey. Neuroradiology. 2020 Feb 1;62(2):251–5.
Beauchamp, M. H., Aglipay, M., Yeates, K. O., Désiré, N., Keightley, M., Anderson, P., … Moore, J. (2018). Predictors of neuropsychological outcome after pediatric concussion. Neuropsychology, 32(4), 495–508. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000419
Billeck J, Peeler J. The influence of fatiguing exercise on Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) scoring in a female pediatric population. Phys Sportsmed [Internet]. 2020 Oct 1;48(4):458–62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1746979
Borland ML, Dalziel SR, Phillips N, et al. Delayed Presentations to Emergency Departments of Children With Head Injury: A PREDICT Study. Ann Emerg Med [Internet]. 2019 Jul 1;74(1):1–10. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196064418314859
Boutis, K., Gravel, J., Freedman, S. B., Craig, W., Tang, K., DeMatteo, C. A., … Zemek, R. (2018). The Diagnosis of Concussion in Pediatric Emergency Departments: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 54(6), 757–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.02.041
Boutis, K., Weerdenburg, K., Koo, E., Schneeweiss, S., & Zemek, R. (2015). The diagnosis of concussion in a pediatric emergency department. Journal of Pediatrics, 166(5), 1214–1220.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.013
Bozan Ö, Aksel G, Kahraman HA, et al. Comparison of PECARN and CATCH clinical decision rules in children with minor blunt head trauma. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg [Internet]. 2019 Oct 25;45(5):849–55. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00068-017-0865-8
Bramley, H., McFarland, C., Lewis, M. M., Shaffer, M. L., Cilley, R., Engbrecht, B., … Dias, M. S. (2014). Short-term outcomes of sport- and recreation-related concussion in patients admitted to a pediatric trauma service. Clinical Pediatrics, 53(8), 784–790. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922814533403
Bressan S, Clarke CJ, Anderson V, et al. Use of the sport concussion assessment tools in the emergency department to predict persistent post-concussive symptoms in children. J Paediatr Child Health [Internet]. 2020 Aug 21;56(8):1249–56. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpc.14910
Brooks, T. M., Smith, M. M., Silvis, R. M., Lerer, T., Mulvey, C. H., Maitland, R., … Smith, S. R. (2017). Symptom-Guided Emergency Department Discharge Instructions for Children with Concussion. Pediatric Emergency Care, 33(8), 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000000797
Bunt SC, Didehbani N, Tarkenton T, et al. Sex Differences and Reporting of SCAT-5 Concussion Symptoms in Adolescent Athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2020;Publish Ah(00).
Chan, C., Iverson, G. L., Purtzki, J., Wong, K., Kwan, V., Gagnon, I., & Silverberg, N. D. (2018). Safety of Active Rehabilitation for Persistent Symptoms After Pediatric Sport-Related Concussion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 99(2), 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2017.09.108
Chrisman SPD, Whitlock KB, Mendoza JA, et al. Corrigendum: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of an Exercise Program Requiring Minimal In-person Visits for Youth With Persistent Sport-Related Concussion. Front Neurol [Internet]. 2020 Feb 21;11. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2020.00006/full
Cohen, E., Rodean, J., Diong, C., Hall, M., Freedman, S. B., Aronson, P. L., … Neuman, M. I. (2019). Low-Value Diagnostic Imaging Use in the Pediatric Emergency Department in the United States and Canada. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(8). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1439
Cohrs, G., Huhndorf, M., Niemczyk, N., Volz, L. J., Bernsmeier, A., Singhal, A., … Knerlich-Lukoschus, F. (2018). MRI in mild pediatric traumatic brain injury: Diagnostic overkill or useful tool? Child’s Nervous System, 34(7), 1345–1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-018-3771-4
Corwin DJ, Arbogast KB, Swann C, et al. Reliability of the visio-vestibular examination for concussion among providers in a pediatric emergency department. Am J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2020 Sep;38(9):1847–53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.020
Coslick AM, Chin KE, Kalb LG, et al. Participation in Physical Activity at Time of Presentation to a Specialty Concussion Clinic Is Associated With Shorter Time to Recovery. PM R [Internet]. 2020 Dec 3;12(12):1195–204. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pmrj.12443
Davis, G. A., Purcell, L., Schneider, K. J., Yeates, K. O., Gioia, G. A., Anderson, V., … Kutcher, J. S. (2017). The Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition (Child SCAT5): Background and rationale. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(11), 859–861. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097492
DeMatteo C, Bednar ED, Randall S, et al. Effectiveness of return to activity and return to school protocols for children postconcussion: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med [Internet]. 2020 Feb 24;6(1):e000667. Available from: https://bmjopensem.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000667
Dobney, D. M., Grilli, L., Kocilowicz, H., Beaulieu, C., Straub, M., Friedman, D., & Gagnon, I. J. (2018). Is There an Optimal Time to Initiate an Active Rehabilitation Protocol for Concussion Management in Children? A Case Series. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 33(3), E11–E17. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000339
Durish, C. L., Yeates, K. O., & Brooks, B. L. (2018). Psychological Resilience as a Predictor of Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms in Children with Single and Multiple Concussion. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(8), 759–768. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617718000437
Elbin, R. J., Sufrinko, A., Schatz, P., French, J., Henry, L., Burkhart, S., … Kontos, A. P. (2016). Removal From Play After Concussion and Recovery Time. Pediatrics, 138(3), e20160910–e20160910. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0910
Ellis, M. J., McDonald, P. J., Olson, A., Koenig, J., & Russell, K. (2019). Cervical Spine Dysfunction Following Pediatric Sports-Related Head Trauma. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 34(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000411
Ellis, M., Krisko, C., Selci, E., & Russell, K. (2018). Effect of concussion history on symptom burden and recovery following pediatric sports-related concussion. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 21(4), 401–408. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.9.PEDS17392
Fehr, S. D., Nelson, L. D., Scharer, K. R., Traudt, E. A., Veenstra, J. M., Tarima, S. S., … Walter, K. D. (2019). Risk Factors for Prolonged Symptoms of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pediatric Sports Concussion Clinic Cohort. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 29(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000494
Gagnon I, Teel E, Gioia G, et al. Parent-Child Agreement on Postconcussion Symptoms in the Acute Postinjury Period. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2020 Jul;146(1):e20192317. Available from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/lookup/doi/10.1542/peds.2019-2317
Gauvin-Lepage, J., Friedman, D., Grilli, L., Sufrategui, M., De Matteo, C., Iverson, G. L., & Gagnon, I. (2018). Effectiveness of an Exercise-Based Active Rehabilitation Intervention for Youth Who Are Slow to Recover After Concussion. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 00(00), 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000634
Gladstone E, Narad ME, Hussain F, et al. Neurocognitive and Quality of Life Improvements Associated With Aerobic Training for Individuals With Persistent Symptoms After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Secondary Outcome Analysis of a Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Neurol [Internet]. 2019 Sep 18;10(September):1–9. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2019.01002/full
Glaviano, N. R., Benson, S., Goodkin, H. P., Broshek, D. K., & Saliba, S. (2015). Baseline SCAT2 Assessment of Healthy Youth Student-Athletes: Preliminary Evidence for the Use of the Child-SCAT3 in Children Younger Than 13 Years. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 25(4), 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000154
Gravel J, Ledoux AA, Tang K, et al. Early versus delayed emergency department presentation following mild Traumatic Brain Injury and the presence of symptom at 1, 4 and 12 weeks in children. Emerg Med J [Internet]. 2020 Jun;37(6):338–43. Available from: https://emj.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/emermed-2019-209054
Grool, A. M., Aglipay, M., Momoli, F., Meehan, W. P., Freedman, S. B., Yeates, K. O., … Zemek, R. (2016). Association Between Early Participation in Physical Activity Following Acute Concussion and Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents. Jama, 316(23), 2504. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17396
Guerriero, R. M., Kuemmerle, K., Pepin, M. J., Taylor, A. M., Wolff, R., & Meehan, W. P. (2018). The Association Between Premorbid Conditions in School-Aged Children With Prolonged Concussion Recovery. Journal of Child Neurology, 33(2), 168–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073817749655
Haider MN, Johnson SL, Mannix R, et al. The Buffalo Concussion Bike Test for Concussion Assessment in Adolescents. Sport Heal A Multidiscip Approach [Internet]. 2019 Nov 5;11(6):492–7. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1941738119870189
Haider MN, Worts PR, Viera KB, et al. Postexercise Slowing on the King-Devick Test and Longer Recovery From Sport-Related Concussion in Adolescents: A Validation Study. J Athl Train [Internet]. 2020 May 1;55(5):482–7. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/jat/article/55/5/482/436794/Postexercise-Slowing-on-the-KingDevick-Test-and
Haider, M. N., Leddy, J. J., Wilber, C. G., Viera, K. B., Bezherano, I., Wilkins, K. J., … Willer, B. S. (2019). The predictive capacity of the buffalo concussion treadmill test after sport-related concussion in adolescents. Frontiers in Neurology, 10(APR), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00395
Howell, D. R., Kriz, P., Mannix, R. C., Kirchberg, T., Master, C. L., & Meehan, W. P. (2019). Concussion Symptom Profiles Among Child, Adolescent, and Young Adult Athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 29(5), 391–397. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000629
Howell, D. R., Zemek, R., Brilliant, A. N., Mannix, R. C., Master, C. L., & Meehan, W. P. (2018). Identifying Persistent Postconcussion Symptom Risk in a Pediatric Sports Medicine Clinic. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(13), 3254–3261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518796830
Hunt, A. W., Laupacis, D., Kawaguchi, E., Greenspoon, D., & Reed, N. (2018). Key ingredients to an active rehabilitation programme post-concussion: perspectives of youth and parents. Brain Injury, 32(12), 1534–1540. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1502894
Kontos AP, Jorgensen-Wagers K, Trbovich AM, et al. Association of Time Since Injury to the First Clinic Visit With Recovery Following Concussion. JAMA Neurol [Internet]. 2020 Apr 1;77(4):435. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2757869
Lawrence, D. W., Richards, D., Comper, P., & Hutchison, M. G. (2018). Earlier time to aerobic exercise is associated with faster recovery following acute sport concussion. PLoS ONE, 13(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196062
Leddy, J. J., Haider, M. N., Ellis, M. J., Mannix, R., Darling, S. R., Freitas, M. S., … Willer, B. (2019). Early Subthreshold Aerobic Exercise for Sport-Related Concussion: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(4), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4397
Leddy, J. J., Haider, M. N., Hinds, A. L., Darling, S., & Willer, B. S. (2019). A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Early Aerobic Exercise Treatment for Sport-Related Concussion in Males. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 29(5), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000663
Leddy, J. J., Hinds, A. L., Miecznikowski, J., Darling, S., Matuszak, J., Baker, J. G., … Willer, B. (2018). Safety and prognostic utility of provocative exercise testing in acutely concussed adolescents: A randomized trial. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 28(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000431
Ledoux, A. A., Tang, K., Yeates, K. O., Pusic, M. V., Boutis, K., Craig, W. R., … Zemek, R. L. (2019). Natural Progression of Symptom Change and Recovery from Concussion in a Pediatric Population. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.3820
Lindholm EB, D’Cruz R, Fajardo R, et al. Admission of Pediatric Concussion Injury Patients: Is it Necessary? J Surg Res. 2019 Dec 1;244:107–10.
Lumba-Brown, A., Yeates, K. O., Sarmiento, K., Breiding, M. J., Haegerich, T. M., Gioia, G. A., … Timmons, S. D. (2018). Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(11). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2847
Mannix, R., Zemek, R., Yeates, K. O., Arbogast, K., Atabaki, S., Badawy, M., … Wisniewski, S. (2019). Practice patterns in pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies for children with mild traumatic brain injury: A survey of 15 canadian and United States centers. Journal of Neurotrauma, 36(20), 2886–2894. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2018.6290
Master CL, Curry AE, Pfeiffer MR, et al. Characteristics of Concussion in Elementary School-Aged Children: Implications for Clinical Management. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2020;223:128–35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.04.001
Master, C. L., Master, S. R., Wiebe, D. J., Storey, E. P., Lockyer, J. E., Podolak, O. E., & Grady, M. F. (2018). Vision and Vestibular System Dysfunction Predicts Prolonged Concussion Recovery in Children. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 28(2), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000507
McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Dvořák, J., Aubry, M., Bailes, J., … Vos, P.E. (2017) Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 51(11),838-847. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699
Mckinlay, A., Ligteringen, V., & Than, M. (2014). A comparison of concussive symptoms reported by parents for preschool versus school-aged children. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29(3), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182a2dd7f
Miller, J. H., Gill, C., Kuhn, E. N., Rocque, B. G., Menendez, J. Y., O’Neill, J. A., … Johnston, J. M. (2016). Predictors of delayed recovery following pediatric sports-related concussion: a case-control study. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 17(4), 491–496. https://doi.org/10.3171/2015.8.PEDS14332
Olson A, Ellis MJ, Selci E, et al. Delayed Symptom Onset Following Pediatric Sport-Related Concussion. Front Neurol. 2020 Apr 3;11.
Orr, R., Bogg, T., Fyffe, A., Lam, L. T., & Browne, G. J. (2018). Graded Exercise Testing Predicts Recovery Trajectory of Concussion in Children and Adolescents. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 00(00), 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000683
Patsimas T, Howell DR, Potter MN, et al. Concussion-symptom rating correlation between pediatric patients and their parents. J Athl Train. 2020 Feb 7;55(10):1020–6.
Plourde, V., Yeates, K. O., & Brooks, B. L. (2018). Predictors of long-term psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with prior concussions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(6), 540–548. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617718000061
Podolak OE, Chaudhary S, Haarbauer-Krupa J, et al. Characteristics of Diagnosed Concussions in Children Aged 0 to 4 Years Presenting to a Large Pediatric Healthcare Network. Pediatr Emerg Care [Internet]. 2020 Jun 16;Publish Ah. Available from: www.pec-online.com
Puffenbarger, M. S., Ahmad, F. A., Argent, M., Gu, H., Samson, C., Quayle, K. S., & Saito, J. M. (2019). Reduction of Computed Tomography Use for Pediatric Closed Head Injury Evaluation at a Nonpediatric Community Emergency Department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 26(7), 784–795. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13666
Root JM, McNamara B, Ledda M, et al. Pediatric Patient Compliance With Recommendations for Acute Concussion Management. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2019 Jun 1;58(7):731–7.
Root JM, Sady MD, Gai J, et al. Effect of Cognitive and Physical Rest on Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms following a Pediatric Head Injury. J Pediatr. 2020 Dec;227:184-190.e4.
Russell, K., Selci, E., Black, B., & Ellis, M. J. (2019). Health-related quality of life following adolescent sports-related concussion or fracture: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 23(4), 455–464. https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.8.PEDS18356
Schilling S, Mansour A, Sullivan L, et al. Symptom burden and profiles in concussed children with and without prolonged recovery. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jan 1;17(1).
Stumph, J., Young, J., Singichetti, B., Yi, H., Valasek, A., Bowman, E., … Fischer, A. (2019). Effect of Exercise Recommendation on Adolescents With Concussion. Journal of Child Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073819877790
Sutton M, Chan V, Escobar M, et al. Neck injury comorbidity in concussion-related emergency department visits: A population-based study of sex differences across the life span. J Women’s Heal. 2019 Apr 1;28(4):473–82.
Taubman, B., Rosen, F., McHugh, J., Grady, M. F., & Elci, O. U. (2016). The Timing of Cognitive and Physical Rest and Recovery in Concussion. Journal of Child Neurology, 31(14), 1555–1560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073816664835
Terry DP, Reddi PJ, Cook NE, et al. Acute Effects of Concussion in Youth With Pre-existing Migraines. Clin J Sport Med [Internet]. 2019 Nov 26;November. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000791
Terwilliger, V. K., Pratson, L., Vaughan, C. G., & Gioia, G. A. (2016). Additional Post-Concussion Impact Exposure May Affect Recovery in Adolescent Athletes. Journal of Neurotrauma, 33(8), 761–765. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2015.4082
Willer, B. S., Haider, M. N., Bezherano, I., Wilber, C. G., Mannix, R., Kozlowski, K., & Leddy, J. J. (2019). Comparison of Rest to Aerobic Exercise and Placebo-like Treatment of Acute Sport-Related Concussion in Male and Female Adolescents. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.07.003
Yeates, K. O., Tang, K., Barrowman, N., Freedman, S. B., Gravel, J., Gagnon, I., … Zemek, R. (2019). Derivation and Initial Validation of Clinical Phenotypes of Children Presenting with Concussion Acutely in the Emergency Department: Latent Class Analysis of a Multi-Center, Prospective Cohort, Observational Study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 36(11), 1758–1767. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2018.6009
Zemek, R., Barrowman, N., Freedman, S. B., Gravel, J., Gagnon, I., McGahern, C., … Moore, J. (2016). Clinical risk score for persistent postconcussion symptoms among children with acute concussion in the ED. JAMA – Journal of the American Medical Association, 315(10), 1014–1025. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.1203
Zou L, Li H, Jiang Z, et al. Modified decision-making rule supported by scheduled telephone follow-up reduces head computed tomography utilization in children with mild traumatic brain injury: A cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 May 1;99(18):e20088.
Research papers not associated with a current recommendation
Bresee, N., Aglipay, M., Dubrovsky, A. S., Ledoux, A. A., Momoli, F., Gravel, J., … Zemek, R. (2018). No association between metoclopramide treatment in ED and reduced risk of post-concussion headache. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 36(12), 2225–2231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2018.04.007
Corwin, D. J., Propert, K. J., Zorc, J. J., Zonfrillo, M. R., & Wiebe, D. J. (2019). Use of the vestibular and oculomotor examination for concussion in a pediatric emergency department. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 37(7), 1219–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2018.09.008
Gravel, J., Boutis, K., Tang, K., Beauchamp, M. H., Freedman, S. B., Dubrovsky, A. S., … Zemek, R. (2019). Association between ondansetron use and symptom persistence in children with concussions: A 5P substudy. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(2), 204–210. https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.384
Greenberg, J. K., Yan, Y., Carpenter, C. R., Lumba-Brown, A., Keller, M. S., Pineda, J. A., … Limbrick, D. D. (2018). Development of the CIDSS2 Score for Children with Mild Head Trauma without Intracranial Injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 35(22), 2699–2707. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5324
Howell, D. R., Potter, M. N., Kirkwood, M. W., Wilson, P. E., Provance, A. J., & Wilson, J. C. (2019). Clinical predictors of symptom resolution for children and adolescents with sport-related concussion. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 24(1), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.11.PEDS18626
Kanani, A. N., & Hartshorn, S. (2018). Resumption of physical activity within 7 days of a concussion was associated with lower rates of persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS). Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition, 103(2), 110. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313141
Lumba-Brown, A., Teramoto, M., Bloom, O. J., Brody, D., Chesnutt, J., Clugston, J. R., … Ghajar, J. (2019). Concussion Guidelines Step 2: Evidence for Subtype Classification. Neurosurgery, 0(0), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyz332
Lyons, T. W., Miller, K. A., Miller, A. F., & Mannix, R. (2019). Racial and ethnic differences in emergency department utilization and diagnosis for sports-related head injuries. Frontiers in Neurology, 10(JUL), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00690
Murdaugh, D. L., Ono, K. E., Morris, S. O., & Burns, T. G. (2018). Effects of Developmental Age on Symptom Reporting and Neurocognitive Performance in Youth After Sports-Related Concussion Compared to Control Athletes. Journal of Child Neurology, 33(7), 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073818766815
Oyegbile, T. O., Delasobera, B. E., & Zecavati, N. (2018). Postconcussive Symptoms After Single and Repeated Concussions in 10- to 20-Year-Olds: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Child Neurology, 33(6), 383–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073818759436
Takagi, M., Hearps, S. J. C., Babl, F. E., Anderson, N., Bressan, S., Clarke, C., … Anderson, V. (2019). Does a computerized neuropsychological test predict prolonged recovery in concussed children presenting to the ED? Child Neuropsychology, 00(00), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2019.1639653
Date of last update: January 4, 2021